Emirates airlines company analysis Research Paper

Emirates carriers organization investigation - Research Paper Example Emirates Group Company has an armada of around 169 airplanes. The organization works in the United States, east and west Asia, Europe, Middle East, Australasia, Indian Ocean, and Africa (The Emirates Group, 2012). The Emirates Airline started in 1985, and it has its home office in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates. The company’s fundamental strategic to develop the top carrier on the planet, which is roused by the way that Dubai positions among the main urban communities around the globe. Emirates Airlines is claimed somewhat by the administration of Dubai and halfway by a city part of the United Arab Emirates. The aircraft is a piece of the Emirates Group of organizations, which started in 1959. Today, Emirates Airline can be viewed as the biggest aircraft in the Middle East and is Dubai’s national carrier. The aircraft is most popular for its top of the line and business class benefits and has gotten a few global honors in wellbeing, on-time appearances, and in-flight b enefits (The Emirates Group, 2011). The Emirates regards assorted variety at the working environment and in the administration of its tasks. This aides in dispensing with a negative culture inside an association (The Emirates Group, 2012). ... A cooperation culture empowers representatives to focus on the organization's objectives, which empowers the carrier to continue its upper hand. Collaboration produces activities that are exceptionally planned. The administration and workers are in consistent joint endeavors that improve the nature of Emirate’s administrations and items (The Emirates Group, 2012). Recruiting work force at the Emirates The Emirates carrier concentrates more on employing representatives with critical involvement with aircraft and travel industry. People keen on working with the carrier go after the favored jobs on the company’s site or by dropping their applications to the company’s workplaces around the globe. Effective candidates are then welcomed for interviews test for a person’s aptitudes, work history, inspiration, and accessibility. The idea of the meetings relies upon the activity went after, and employments, for example, those of pilots may include concentrated enli stment methods. Meetings at the Emirates basically include board interviews, organization introductions, one-on-one meetings, and gathering interviews (The Emirates Group, 2012). Targets of faculty determination process The Emirates aircrafts perceives that for it to accomplish its key goals and to make sure about its qualities, enlisting and holding gifted and submitted workforce are of the quintessence. Along these lines, the company’s enlistment and determination techniques are organized such that causes the organization to recruit the most appropriate possibility for different occupation positions. The enlistment and determination systems are guided by a few strategies. At the top, of the enlistment and determination strategies is the need to guarantee that there is an equivalent open door for all candidates. Furthermore, the employing procedure centers around guaranteeing that

Jesus Analysis Essay Example For Students

Jesus Analysis Essay There has never been a man like Jesus. He is viewed as the most uniqueperson ever. Jesus lessons have affected numerous individuals and havechanged humankind. As per Marcus J. Borg in Meeting Jesus Again for theFirst Time, Jesus was in a way four distinct individuals combined into one. He was aspirit individual, which is an individual with a profound unexplainable association with thespirit of God. Jesus was an instructor of intelligence. He utilized illustrations and jokes toteach about the Kingdom of God. These stories and adages are the main directconnection we have with the verifiable Jesus. We get the chance to peruse what originated from himdirectly and we improve feeling of whom he truly was. Borg additionally describesHim as a social prophet, which is portrayed as an individual that has conflictswith authority, that reprimands the elites of his time, and that advanced adifferent social vision. The last character that Borg gives Jesus is thatof a development author. He began a restoration development for Judaism that went pastthe social boundaries of his time. We don't think a lot about Jesus until he wasabout thirty years of age. We do anyway realize that Jesus was a Jew, which issurprisingly not known by a significant number Christians. He experienced childhood in Galilee andspoke Aramaic, or Hebrew. The Torah was his essential perusing in school and heprobably turned into a tekton, a Greek word that implies craftsman. Borg discloses thatJesus most likely went to follow a prophet named John, however when John was arrestedhe continued with Gods Word. The chronicled Jesus was nonmessiac, whichmeans that we don't have a clue whether He thought of himself as the Messiah or the Son ofGod. His message consistently pointed away from Himself and towards God. Borg givesome significant impressions of Jesus and what sort of an individual he was. For example,Jesus was a privilege and left-brained scholar. He was an articulate speaker that wasgreat at discussion an d narrating. Jesus was not generally enjoyed. Individuals would tryto stunt Him with questions, yet he generally figured out how to return with an amazinganswer. He utilized phenomenal activities to offer expressions, such as eating withsocial rejects and the infected. He was a stunning healer that consistently had acrowd. Jesus recuperated Simons relative, a Roman official, a worker, a crippledwoman (just to give some examples) and even raised the dead. Something else that we knowabout the chronicled Jesus was that he didn't carry on with a long life and kicked the bucket in histhirties. Jesus was a surprising educator. His fundamental lessons were of Godskingdom, petitions, astute and silly ways of life, and love and absolution. Jesuschallenged individuals to scrutinize their qualities and that is the reason He was an effectiveteacher. There were numerous ways that Jesus would show the Kingdom of God. Hewould meander around, mend, and eat with individuals. He would have table fell owshipwith anybody since He wouldn't perceive any anomalies in somebody. David Kantorexplains on his site that Jesus had exceptionally powerful procedures to educating. One strategy was social contact with individuals to bring them into the story withquestions. Another procedure that He utilized was telling illustrations and usingsymbolism. Jesus made the legends of the narratives that he told an individual that thepeople disdained. He generally based on what the individuals definitely knew and did notover instruct. He educated with power and utilized paramount outlines toreinforce his point. Jesus lessons were increasingly compelling that any part ofHis life. Stephen Johnson clarifies on his site that the quintessence of Jesusteachings were love and unselfish social help. In showing individuals theKingdom of God and how He drove His life, Jesus drove individuals to God. There were fivemain lessons of Jesus. He showed the Fatherhood of God, which is thatGod is our Father that adores all in general and as people. He knows us all,knows what we are thinking, and gives us the unrestrained choice to realize Him back. Jesustaught the Brotherhood of Man, o r to adore our neighbors asourselves. He said that through exercise of confidence we can encounter Godskingdom. Jesus portrayed the Kingdom of Heaven from various perspectives, one model isHim saying, the Kingdom of Heaven is inside you. Another instructing of Jesuswas the significance of a people individual relationship with God. Hetaught that Gods love is great and shown the significance of pardoning. .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4 , .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4 .postImageUrl , .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4 , .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4:hover , .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4:visited , .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4:active { border:0!important; } .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4:active , .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4:hover { haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u 34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u34e675efcf132733ce6cccf2af3ba1a4:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Dune-loads Of Errors EssayJesus stated, Forgive us our obligations as we excuse our indebted individuals. He educated thatthere are numerous approaches to be a strict individual. You must be sacred as your God isholy and be sympathetic as your God is caring. At the point when Jesus first startedteaching, he went to Galilee and read from the look of the prophet Isaiah andsaid, Gods soul is on me; he has picked me to lecture the message of goodnews to poor people, sent me to report acquittal to detainees and recuperation of sightto the visually impaired, to get the troubled and battered free, and to declare ?this isG ods year to act. This story from the Book of Luke show that Jesus wassent from God to meet the most profound needs of the individuals and spread His Word.

Use This Link To Report Phishing Websites And Pages

Use This Link To Report Phishing Websites And Pages Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Use This Link To Report Phishing Websites And PagesUpdated On 24/01/2016Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : GoogleShort URL : http://hbb.me/1ZV45XJ CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogBefore we go ahead with the article Ill quote Googles basic definition of Phishing websites A page designed to look like another page in an attempt to steal users personal information. Now well see how we can report phishing websites and pages to Google so that they can take necessary actions and eliminate them from the Internet.Phishing is a criminal activity and people also do the same with email addresses. Cyber criminals usually implement the social engineering tactics to make the users comfortable and gain their trust. When I started my Blogging journey I used to browse in an Internet cafe, since its a public computer, people often misuse them and install various software/plugins/extensions. They then create phishing login URLs for Orkut, Gmail and much more. They look 95% genuine because its easy to implement the same HTML and CSS effects by copying the original source code.Report Phishing Websites And PagesGo to Googles Report a Phishing Page link and enter the URL of that website (Domain name) or any specific page of that website.Thats it. Be as detailed as possible. If you remember from where you got the link, say a forum thread or Facebook post, do mention that as well. I have personally witnessed plenty of phishing websites (and emails) for Facebook, Popular Banks (like Axis, HDFC, etc.), Gmail, PayPal, etc. If you are confused about a websites authenticity, do give a Google search or speak with the officials of that brand regarding their main domain name URL.READGoogle's Ranking Factors Are Trending Towards Human InterestENCOUNTERED A SITE HAVING MALICIOUS CONTENT? DID YOU REPORT IT?Use This Link To Report Websites Having Malware SoftwarePeople dont really get m uch profit from creating phishing links for Facebook, but as far as I have seen, they use those profiles for misusing/messaging your contacts, spreading the links further.If you know any other official and standard links to report phishing websites and pages do kindly share them in the comments below.

Comparative Study on Optical Fiber Sensors and Conventional Sensors in Context with Monitoring of Civil Engineering Structures - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 28 Words: 8313 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT This study deals with the comparison of the two types of sensors which are widely used in civil engineering, namely, conventional sensors and optical fiber sensors. Temperature and displacement are the two principal parameters which are measured with the aid of Fiber optic sensors. Bragg Grating, Interferometric, Intensity Sensors, and optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) are some of the techniques which are used for sensing. In this study, various case studies have been undertaken and have been analyzed. With the aid of these case studies, a detailed analysis and comparison of the sensors is carried out. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparative Study on Optical Fiber Sensors and Conventional Sensors in Context with Monitoring of Civil Engineering Structures" essay for you Create order Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION In the last two decades, the world has witnessed a revolution in the sectors of optoelectronics and fiber optic communications. Various products such as laser printers and bar code scanners which have become a part of our daily usage, are a result of this technical revolution only. The reasons for the phenomenal growth of the fiber optics are many. The most conspicuous reason being the ability of the fiber optics to provide high performance and highly reliable communication links and that too at a very low bandwidth cost. As we see that optoelectronic and fiber communications industry has progressed a lot, and along with these industries fiber optic sensors have also benefited a lot from these developments. Due to the mass production in these industries, availability of fiber optic sensors at a low cost has been made possible in recent years. With their availability at affordable costs, fiber optic sensors have been able to enter the domain which was otherwise being ruled by the trad itional sensors. In recent years, the demand for the development of new materials to strengthen, upgrade and retrofit existing aged and deteriorated concrete structures has increased rapidly. The continuing deterioration and functional deficiency of existing civil infrastructure elements represents one of the most significance challenges facing the worlds construction and civil engineers. Deficiencies in existing concrete structures caused by initial flawed design due to insufficient detailing at the time of construction, aggressive chemical attacks and ageing of structural elements enhance an urgent need of finding an effective means to improve the performance of these structures without additionally increasing the overall weight, maintenance cost and time. In the last 50 years, a large number of civil concrete structures have been built; many of these structures, particularly in off-shore regions have now deteriorated and require repair in a short period of time. Moreover, the increase of traffic volume and population in many developing countries is causing the demand to upgrade existing concrete structures to increase. The damage of reinforced concrete (RC) structures through reinforcement corrosion and residual capacity are the most important issues that concern engineers. These problems occur not only in constructed concrete structures but also in structures strengthened by externally bonded steel reinforcements. In the past, the external steel plate bonding method has been used to improve strength in the tensile region of concrete structures with an epoxy adhesive and has proved to be successful over a period of 20 years. However, the use of steel reinforced plates and bars has its disadvantages including high corrosion rates, which could adversely affect the bond strength and cause surface spalling of the concrete, due to volumetric change in the corroded steel reinforcements. Since the early 1980s, fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) materials have been used as a replacement for conventional steel materials for concrete strengthening applications. In recent years, the interest in utilizing FRP materials in the civil concrete industry in forms of rods, plates, grid and jacket has grown increasingly. When an FRP plate with high tensile strength properties bonds on the concrete surface, it can strengthen the structure with minimum changes to its weight and dimensions. FRP offers substantial improvement in solving many practical problems that conventional materials cannot solve to provide a satisfactory service life of the structure. Unlike the conventional steel materials, FRP is corrosion resistant. The beneficial characteristics of using the FRP in concrete construction include its high strength-to-weight ratio, low labour requirement, ease of application, reduced traffic interruption during repair, cost reductions in both transportation and in situ maintenance for a long-term strategy. Its high damping characteristic also attracts more structural engineers to use these materials for seismic retrofitting. Due to the increasing use of FRP-plate bonding techniques in strengthening civil concrete structures, the interest in finding a suitable means of monitoring the structural health conditions of these strengthened structures has therefore increased substantially. Since strengthened structures are covered by the FRP plates, the mechani cal properties of the concrete may not be measured or detected easily through conventional nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods, such as strain measurements using surface mounted strain gauges or extensometers, radiography, thermography and acoustic emission methods, particularly in areas with microcracks and debonds underneath the externally-bonded plate. Besides, these structural inspection technologies, in certain cases, require special surface preparations or a high degree of flatness in the concrete surface. These requirements may be hard to achieve, particularly for an area that is exposed to a harsh environment. During the 1990s, a multi-disciplinary field of engineering known as Smart Structures has developed as one of the most important research topics in the field.The structure is formed by a marriage of engineering materials with structurally-integrated sensor systems. The system is capable of assessing damage and warning of impending weakness in the structural integrity of the structure. Fibre-optic sensor technology is a most attractive device currently used in the aerospace and aircraft industry for on-line monitoring of large-scale FRP structures. The development of distributed fibreoptic sensors, which provides information on a large number of continuously distribution parameters such as strain and temperature is of great interest in most engineering applications.11,12 The sensors are embedded into a structure to form a novel self-strainmonitoring system, i.e. the system can self-detect its health status and send response signals to operators during any marginal situation during service. The embedding sensor, due to its extremely small physical size, can provide the information to a high accuracy and resolution without influencing the dimension and mechanical properties of the structure. Fibre-optic sensors present a number of advantages over the conventional strain measuring devices: (a) providing an absolute measurement that is sensitive to fluctuation in irradiance of the illuminating source; (b) enabling the measurement of the strain in different locations in only one single optical fibre by using multiplexing techniques;(c) having a low manufacturing cost for mass production; and (d) its ability to be embedded inside a structure without influencing the mechanical properties of the host material. A new development of Smart materials and structures was driven by a strong demand for high performance over recent years. A system integrated into structures and being able to monitor its hosts physical and mechanical properties such as temperature and strain, during service is appreciated as a Smart structural health monitoring system. The term smart material and structure is widely used to describe the unique marriage of material and structural engineering by using fibre-optic sensors and actuation control technology. The smart structure is constructed of materials that can continuously monitor their own mechanical and physical properties, and thereby, be capable of assessing damage and warning of impending weakness in structural integrity. This design concept results in improved safety and economic concerns regarding the weight saving and avoidance of over-designing of the structure in the long run. In Fig. 1, a schematic illustration of the structures possibilities created by the confluence of the four disciplines is shown. In the figure, a structure invested with actuating, sensing and neutral networking systems to form a new class of adaptive structures is shown. A structure with integrated sensor or actuator systems is able to provide a self-structural health monitoring or actuating response, respectively. If both systems are integrated together into a structure, the sensor and actuators can act as nervous and muscular systems, like a human body, to sense the conditions such as mechanical strain and temperature of the structure (a smart structure) and to provide control of such changes of stiffness, shape and vibration mode (a controlled structure). The combination of these two systems into one structure is called a Smart adaptive structure. This structure with a built-in neural networking system, like a brain, is then able to self evaluate the conditions, which are based on changes of structural parameters, thermal conditions and ambient environments to give an appropriate mechanical adjustment. This structure is commonly called an Intelligent adaptive structure. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY There has been an unprecedented development in the fields of optoelectronics and fiber optic communications. This in turn, has brought about a revolution in the sectors of telecommunication and various other industries. This has been made possible with the aid of high performance and reliable telecommunication links which have low bandwidth cost. Optical fibers have numerous advantages and some disadvantages. The advantages include their small size, resistance to electromagnetic interference and high sensitivity. On the other hand, some of its disadvantages are their high cost and unfamiliarity to the end user. But its great advantages completely overshadow its minor disadvantages. So, in this study an attempt is being made to compare the modern age fiber optic sensors with the conventional sensors. Also, with the aid of the case studies, the impact of fiber optic sensor technology on monitoring of civil structures is studied (McKinley and Boswell 2002). 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT In the past various kinds of sensors have been used in civil engineering for measuring temperature, pressure, stress, strain etc. And as the optical fiber sensors spread their wings, the civil engineering is bound to gain a lot from these modern sensors. Presently, there exist a number of problems with the existing civil infrastructures. These civil infrastructures such as bridges etc. have a pretty long service period which may amount to several decades or maybe even hundred years. Thus, during this time period, these structures suffer from corrosion, fatigue and extreme loading. Since concrete is used mostly in these civil infrastructures, it degradation is a major issue all over the world. The amount of degradation and the time when the degradation starts depends on various factors and is inevitable and unavoidable. Thus, in order to keep these civil structures in good condition, it becomes necessary that their condition be monitored and adequate steps be taken. Thus, we need sensors which can monitor these structures throughout the life of these structures. Thus, in this study the impact of fiber optic sensors is studied on civil structures. 1.3 OBJECTIVES There are a few objectives that are planned to be achieved at the end of this project, these are: A general discussion on the present state of structural monitoring and the need of fiber optic sensors in this field A general study on Comparison between Conventional Sensors and Optical Fiber Sensors Review of Case Studies on Fiber Optic Sensors application in Civil Engineering Structures 1.4 WORK PLAN Discussion, reading and observation Problem identification through reading, discussion and observation of the area studied Understand and identify the background of problem Studying feasibility and needs to carry out the investigation Identification of the Title for the project Identify the aim, objective and scope of the project Literature Review Understanding the background of the problem Understanding the history of the sensor technology in structural monitoring Carrying out literature survey on generic technologies of sensors for concrete structures Identify the types of sensor involved in monitoring the structural in civil engineering Identify the technique used and the working principle for each type of sensors (in particular optical fiber sensors) Case Study Choose the relevant and related case study for discussion Describe important aspects of case study Analyze the use of sensors in the case study Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations Discuss the similarities and differences Discuss the technical facets of sensor application Draw the overall conclusion for this project Give some recommendation for future Chapter 2: APPLICATIONS These days the fiber optic sensors are being used for a variety of applications, the most prominent of them being: Measurement of rotation and acceleration of bodies Measurement of electric and magnetic fields Measurement of temperature and pressure of bodies Measurement of acoustics and vibrations of various bodies Measurement of strain, viscosity and chemical properties of materials Measurement of surface condition and tactile sensing Measurement of sound , speed and proximity of bodies Determination of color and weight of different objects Measurement of linear and angular positions and this is widely utilized in civil engineering structures 2.1 ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Like with any other technology, there are both advantages and disadvantages using fiber optic sensors. The prominent advantages being: Fiber optic sensors are lightweight and this is of great importance in case of engineered structures Fiber optic sensors are of smaller size as compared to the traditional sensors Also, fiber optic sensors consume less power as compared to the traditional sensors Along with this, these sensors show high resistance to electromagnetic interference as compared to the traditional sensors On top of this, fiber optic sensors have enjoy high bandwidth and high sensitivity as compared to their traditional counterparts Fiber optic sensors are usually embedded in objects and due to this, these sensors can gain access to areas which till date remain inaccessible with the aid of traditional sensors Also, these sensors are accurate over a greater dynamic range as compared to the traditional sensors Fiber optic sensors are also capable of being multiplexed which again is a further advantage over their traditional counterparts Also, fiber optic sensors are capable of distributed measurements which gives them an edge over and above the traditional sensors Last but not the least, they also show greater environmental ruggedness as compared to the traditional sensors 2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS But all this is just one side of the coin. Though on seeing these advantages, it might appear that fiber optic sensors are way too advanced as compared to the traditional ones, but it is not exactly true. These fiber optic sensors also have some disadvantages due to which their advancement in todays world has been somewhat curtailed. The major disadvantages of fiber optic sensors are: Fiber optic sensors are quite costly as compared to the traditional sensors. Due to this, many people still consider traditional sensors to be a better option in cases where cost is a major consideration. Secondly, these sensors have come into prominence only in the last two decades. Due to this, people appear to be somewhat less educated regarding their usage and operations. And this unfamiliarity with the usage of these sensors, has proved to be a major hurdle in being able to capture the whole market. Also, these sensors are considered to be more fragile as compared to the traditional sensors which raises a question over their adaptability in extreme conditions Also with the fiber optic sensors there exists the inherit ingress/egress difficulty Fiber optic sensors usually have a non-linear output which is a cause for concern in some applications From the above discussion, we can see that as is the case with any other new technology, there are both merits and demerits of fiber optic sensors. But, what is worth considering here is that the advantages of this technology are much more than its disadvantages and are able to outweigh them. Also, from the demerits which are mentioned here, it is clear that these demerits are bound to wither away as this technology develops and gains more prominence. 2.3 APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Now we come to the discussion of the need and applications of the fiber optic sensors in the field of civil engineering structures. The monitoring of civil structures has a great significance in todays world. Today, we not only need to construct reliable and strong civil structures, but we also need to monitor these structures in order to ensure their proper functioning and their safety. Also, with the aid of the monitoring of various parameters of the structures, we can get knowledge about state of the building and by using this data, we can in turn plan the maintenance schedule for the structure (Mckinley, 2000). Also, this data can give us an insight into the real behavior of the structure and can thus take make important decisions regarding the optimization of similar structures which are to b e constructed in future. The maintenance of the structures can be approached in one of the two ways, namely: Material point of view- In this approach, monitoring is concentrated on local properties of the materials which are used in the construction. In this approach, we observe the behavior of the construction materials under the conditions of load, temperature etc. In this approach, short base length sensors are usually utilized. Also, it is possible to get the information about the whole structure with the aid of extrapolation of the data obtained from these sensors. Structural point of view- In this approach of measurement, the structure is viewed from a geometrical point of view. In this approach, long gauge length sensors appear to be the ideal choice. In this approach, we will be able to detect material degradation only if this material degradation has an impact on the form of the structure. In the recent years most of the research work which has been carried out in field of optic sensors has been in the field of material monitoring rather than structural monitoring. It is also worth mentioning here that, more sensors are required in the case of material monitoring as compared to structural monitoring. We know that civil engineering requires sensors that can be embedded in the concrete, mortars, steel, rocks, soil, road pavements etc. and can measure various parameters reliably. Also what should be taken into account is that these sensors should be easy to install and should not hamper the construction work or the properties of the structure in any derogatory manner. Also, it is common knowledge that at the sites of civil engineering, there exist the unavoidable conditions of dust, pollution, electromagnetic disturbances and of unskilled labor. Thus, the sensors to be used in these cases need to be rugged, should be inert to harsh environment conditions and should be easy to install and their installation could be carried out by unskilled labor. Along with all these things, it is imperative that these sensors are able to survive a period of at least ten years so that they can allow for a constant monitoring of the aging of the structure. Thus, we see that the fiber optic sensors ca n prove to be quite handful in civil engineering applications and structures. In the past various kinds of sensors have been used in civil engineering for measuring temperature, pressure, stress, strain etc. And as the optical fiber sensors spread their wings, the civil engineering is bound to gain a lot from these modern sensors (Vurpillot et al., 1998). Chapter 3: LITERATURE REVIEW ON FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Fiber optic sensors are of many kinds, but they can be broadly classified into two types, namely, extrinsic fiber optic sensors and intrinsic fiber optic sensors. There is a great deal of difference between these two types of fiber optic sensors and this difference is discussed in detail below. 3.1 EXTRINSIC FIBER OPTIC SENSORS This type of fiber optic sensor is also known as hybrid fiber optic sensor. As we can see in the figure above that there is a black box and an input fiber enters into this black box. And from this input fiber, information is impressed upon light beam. There can be various ways by which the information can be impressed upon. Usually this information is impressed upon the light beam in terms of frequency or polarization. This light which then posses the information is carried away by the optical fiber. The optical fiber now goes to an electronic processor. (Vurpillot et al., 1998) Here, in the electronic processor the information which is brought along by the fiber is processed. Though we can have separate input fiber and output fiber, but in some cases it is preferred to have the same fiber as the input fiber and the output fiber. 3.2 INTRINSIC FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Intrinsic fiber optic sensors Extrinsic fiber optic sensors In this sensor, the fiber itself acts as the sensor medium In this sensor, the fiber does not act as the sensor medium. It merely acts as a light delivery and collection system In this fiber optic sensor, the light never leaves the medium and always stays inside the medium In this fiber optic sensor, the light leaves the medium, then it is altered in some way and is collected by another fiber. 3.3 INTENSITY BASED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS While there exist various kinds of fiber optic sensors today, but the most common of these sensors is the hybrid type fiber optic sensor which depends upon intensity modulation in order to carry out the measurements (Zako et al., 1995) The functioning of this fiber optic sensor is quite simple. In this fiber optic sensor, light enters from one side. And when this light exits from the other side, it exits in the form of a cone and the angle of this cone depends on two parameters. The two parameters upon which the angle of this cone depends are: Firstly, it depends on the index of refraction of the core Secondly, it depends on the cladding of the optical fiber Also, the amount of light captured by the second optic fiber depends on a number of factors. The prominent factors on which the amount of light captured depend are: It depends on the acceptance angle It also depends on the distance d between the optical fibers Another type of fiber optic sensor is the flexible mounted mirror sensor. The important characteristics of this sensor are: In this case, a mirror is mounted which is used to respond to external parameters such as pressure. The modulation in intensity is caused the shifts in the mirror position. These sensors are used in a variety of applications such as door closures. In a door closure, a reflective strip is used. These sensors are used to measure small variations and displacements 3.4 LINEAR POSITION SENSORS In todays world, linear position sensors have become widely applicable. They are being used for various purposes (Zako et al., 1995). In many of the linear positioning sensors, wavelength division multiplexing is used. An illustration of the linear position sensor is shown in the figure below. The various components of this linear position sensor are: It consists of a broadband light source It consists of various detectors as shown in the figure above It also consists of wavelength division multiplexing element which acts as the principal component of this instrument. It also consists of an encoder card In the example above, a broadband light source is utilized. The light from this broadband source is carried to a wavelength division multiplexing system with the aid of a single optic fiber. The wavelength division multiplexing system is used to determine the linear position. Another linear motion sensing method which is very widely used today and is quite similar to the method discussed above is known as the time division multiplexing method. In this method instead of a broadband light source a light pulse is used. Here, the combination of the returned signals takes place. As a result of this combination of the returned signals, the net signal which is produced moves onto the position of the encoder card. The main areas in which these intensity based fiber optic sensors have found application are: In commercial aircrafts In military aircrafts In these applications these modern sensors have performed quite well and are at par with the performance of the conventional sensors. But, because of the various advantages these sensors enjoy over and above the conventional sensors, these modern sensors are bound to replace the conventional sensors in the years to come. 3.5 LIQUID LEVEL SENSORS This is another type of intensity based fiber optic sensor. In the functioning of this sensor, the principle of total internal reflection is utilized. Thus, in these sensors the refraction index of the glass and the fiber occupy the pivotal role. These sensors can be utilized for a variety of purposes. The most prominent of its applications are: Measurement of pressure changes in gels Measurement of pressure changes in various liquids Measurement of refractive index changes in gels Measurement of refractive index changes in different types of liquids Measurement of the level of a liquid in a vessel and this application is utilized in various industries to measure liquid levels These sensors have an accuracy of about 5 percent and are gaining importance in various industries for their usefulness. 3.6 SOFO SENSORS These are fiber optic sensors which are utilized for strain measurement. These sensors have become quite popular owing to their innate merits. Out of all the fiber optic sensors, these sensors are the ones which are being used most extensively today. These sensors are being used to measure curvature and various other parameters in giant civil structures. These sensors form a part of the interferometric system (Vurpillot et al., 1998). Also, these sensors have the ability of measuring the parameters in an absolute manner using low-coherent light. The important properties of these sensors are: These fiber optic sensors enjoy a high resolution. The resolution of these sensors is 2  µm These sensors can be of varied lengths. Their length can be as small as 0.2m or can be as large as 20m. Also, these sensors have the property of being temperature compensated The SOFO system setup consists of a number of equipments. The main components of the SOFO system setup are: It consists of a fiber optic sensor which forms the crux of this monitoring system. It is the most important component of the monitoring system. It consists of a sensor chain with partial reflectors. One terminal of this sensor is connected to the coupler Another terminal of the sensor chain with partial reflectors is connected to the LED. The coupler in turn is connected to the photo diode and a mobile mirror. This whole portable reading unit is connected to portable computer terminal. This ensures that that the whole monitoring system can be taken to the location and can be directly used at site. These sensors can be utilized in two ways. They can either be embedded in the structure at the time of the construction of the structure. Or, they can used to measure the various parameters externally. Though in both the cases, that is, in case of embedding or in the case of external anchoring, the performance of the sensors remains the same, but still, in modern smart structures, embedding is preferred (Perez 2001). .This is because, in the case of embedded sensors, the sensors continuously measure the parameters and are easy to manage. Whereas in the older structures, where embedding is not preferred, external anchoring is used. Chapter 4: CASE STUDIES Case study 1: Monitoring of San Giorgio pier San Giorgio pier is a massive concrete structure. Its length is about 400metres. It is very essential to carry out its monitoring in order to know about its deformation. This in turn, is very useful in determining the safety of this pier. At this pier, it was earlier proposed to use the conventional methods to monitor the deformation. This involved the use of conventional sensors for measurement. But, the problem with this method was that in the case of conventional sensors, we could get the data of the various parameters of the pier for only a short period. And, as we know that in order to determine anything conclusively about such large concrete structures we need data for a very long period. But, here as it was the case with the conventional sensors, we could get data only for short periods. Thus, with the aid of the conventional methods which were employing conventional sensors, we could not say anything conclusively. (Andrea Del Grosso et al.) Thus, there existed the need to emp loy fiber optic sensors in order to determine the deformation of this massive pier. It was possible to measure the deformation of this pier with the aid of the fiber optic sensors because of the following advantages which the fiber optic sensors enjoy over and above the conventional sensors: Fiber optic sensors are long base strain sensors and this property of the fiber optic sensors was very important in this case. This was because, as the pier was a massive concrete structure, therefore, measurement of local strains on the pier was of very little significance. As is the case with such massive structures, it was very important to get the strain values for large areas of the pier and for this purpose, the local strain values did not solve the purpose. Secondly, it was required that the sensors which are employed have very high precision. This was essential in order to properly determine the amount of deformation in the pier. Also, as these values were to be extensively used in further calculations, there it became indispensible that these values were very accurate and precise. But, as is the case with the conventional sensors, the values provided by the conventional sensors are not very precise and this was seen as a major drawback of the conventional sensors in this application. But, with the aid of the fiber optic sensors it was realized that we could measure the deformation values very precisely and thus fiber optic sensors became a natural choice over the conventional sensors. Another parameter which was to be considered in mind was the stability of the sensor which was to be used. As we know, that measurements were to be made over a long period of time. Thus, it became essential to have a sensor which would stand the wrath of the extreme conditions. The sensor was ought to be such that it would be able to function properly and without degradation while working in extreme conditions over long periods of time. Also, it was realized that as it mostly happens with such massive structures, thermal phenomena might assume a pivotal role in the determination of the deformation of the structure. It was understood, that because the pier was of a large length (400 meters in length), over a period of time it might develop complex transient fields. Thus, we needed a sensor which could work well under these transient fields and also could accurately measure the thermal phenomena. Thus, it wss decided to use fiber optic sensors in this case. Because of all the above factors and also because of the inherit advantages of the fiber optic sensors over the conventional sensors, it was decided that fiber optic sensors would be used in this case. Thus, the study was carried out with the aid of fiber optic sensors. Before going further, it is imperative to look at the structural parameters of this giant structure. As already mentioned, the total length of this pier is around 400 meters. This giant pier was built around 1920 and since then has been used for the import of coal. Also, it has a nearby basin and it has been decided to dredge the basin. The dredging of the basin will put further pressure on the wall. So, it became essential to strengthen the wall so that it could stand erect even when dredging is carried out. (Andrea Del Grosso et al.) The highlights of this study carried out on the San Giorgio pier are: This study was carried out in order to determine the safety and operability of the pier. In the past, a lot of retrofitting operations had taken places on the pier. It was decided that through this study, along with determining the safety and operability of the pier, the impact of these past retrofitting operations would also be analyzed. The whole study and all the related tasks were undertaken by Port Authority of Genoa. This authority was responsible for each and every activity which was carried out on the pier in order to complete the study. Its work included the initial analysis of the pier, determination of the type of sensors to be utilized, to ensure the proper working of the sensors and so on. In order to carry out the study, it was decided to put up sensors along the east quay wall the structure. It was decided to use the SOFO sensors for this purpose. Also, it was realized that in order to accurately measure the parameters of the structure, it was essential to measure the parameters at various points along the whole structure. Thus, 72 sensors were used for this purpose. They were put up along the whole length of the structure in order to provide a wider overall prospective of the various parameters along the whole length. These sensors were of 10 m base length. Also, these sensors were placed in such a way that each measuring section consisted of 3 sensors. With the aid of the sensors employed, it is possible to measure the strain and curvature at various points along the wall. This includes measurement of curvature of the walls and also the determination of linear strain at various points, including the corners. Before the dredging, it was decided that an initial analysis of the wall be carried out. It was thought that this initial analysis will not help in providing a better picture of the whole structure and its properties but would also help in determining a normal structural behavior. IT was realized, that once this normal behavior was determined it would be of great value. This is because this normal behavior would then be compared with the behavior of the structure at later stages. When the dredging would be carried out, the behavior of the structure will inevitably undergo a change. At that point, the behavior of the structure will be studied in reference to the normal behavior of the structure which had been determined. All the sensors which have been placed have been fully functional and have been collecting data since 1999. As a result, a lot of data has been collected and a lot of analysis has been done. As it is often with such cases, no direct correlations have been found. As there are a lot of parameters involved, it is not practically possible to derive an analytical solution. Instead, in order to make full use of the data obtained, statistical models are being used. Various statistical models have been utilized and it has been tried to fit the data into these statistical models and derive the results. Though many statistical models have come quite close to the level of accuracy required, but still a lot is desired. The team is in the process of further characterization of the data with the aid of the statistical tools and software available. Case study 2: Monitoring of Mjosundet Bridge Fiber optic sensors have been utilized for various purposes in the recent past. Along with monitoring of large structures such as buildings, piers etc. , fiber optic sensors have also been utilized in the monitoring of even bridges. These fiber optic sensors have been used to determine the amount of deformation, curvature etc. of the bridges. This in turn helps in the analysis of the bridges. It helps in determining the safety and workability of the bridge. Also, this analysis helps us in understanding the working of the bridges better and gives us a useful insight into the working of the bridge. The bridge under consideration in this case study is a massive bridge which is in Aure, in the north-west coast of Norway. It is a vast structure and is about 350 meters in length. This study of this massive bridge structure was taken up the EU under the project MILLENIUM. In order to carry out this project, two fiber optic sensor based monitoring systems were developed. These monitoring sys tems were tested under a lot of conditions. It was proposed that these monitoring systems should be tested in labs as well as in real conditions. In the labs, the real life situations were simulated and the monitoring was done (Mckinley, 2000). Along with this, these monitoring systems were exposed to real situations whose monitoring results were already known. As a result of this, the results from this monitoring package were compared with the already available results. Also, the results of this monitoring system were compared with the lab results. By the comparison of the actual results with the laboratory results, a sort of correlation was obtained between them and this correlation was used in further applications. The main highlights of the study carried out on this concrete structure are: It was decided that in order to get a clear picture of the amount of deformation and other parameters, it was necessary to measure the parameters at different locations of the structure. O, instead of measuring the parameters at a single location, the parameters were measured at six different locations on the bridge. This, helped the team in determining more accurately the parameters and also gave them a more clear picture of the condition of the bridge. It was seen that In this study, the role of conventional sensors cannot be completely taken over by fiber optic sensors. Because of the requirement of the conventional sensors, it was decided that some conventional sensors will also be used. As a result, in this study though the fiber optic sensors were of prime importance, some conventional strain gauges were also used. Thus, the fiber optic sensors and the conventional strain gauges were used in a synergic manner (McKinley and Boswell 2002). In order to fully carry out the whole instrumentation of the structure, the following were used: Various FOSs were used all along the structure. As already mentioned, electrical strain gauges were also employed for measurement of parameters. In order to measure the displacement, transducers and load cells were also used extensively on the bridge Case study 3: Spatial deformation monitoring of the Lutrive bridges This project was carried out in Vaud Canton (Switzerland) from 1996-2000. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial deformation monitoring of the bridges. The Lutrive bridges are a set of 2 bridges. These bridges are parallel to each other and are about 400 meters in length. The important points regarding this project were: In this project, SOFO sensors were installed to measure the various parameters. For the purpose of measurement of curvature, 10 meter long SOFO sensors were employed. Six SOFO sensors were used for this purpose. The total number of sensors employed in this project were 26 It was agreed to measure the vertical displacements of the bridge. These results were then compared with the simulations which were carried out in the laboratory. The sensors were used to measure the readings and also calculate the variations in the deviations all round the clock. These data points were then analyzed. Chapter 5: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Results from Case study 1: A lot of stress has been given by the team to correlate the various parameters measured by the fiber optic sensors. Two of the most important parameters that are measured by the fiber optic sensors in this case are: Temperature at the various locations along the pier Curvature of the walls of the pier. In order to determine the curvature of the walls, it was decided to take the readings from a lot of points along the wall instead of just few readings in order to get a fairly accurate value of the curvature of the walls of the massive structure From the data which was collected, it was tried to correlate these two important parameters. To correlate these parameters a lot of software tools were utilized. A lot of plots were drawn between these two parameters. From the data collected by the different sensors, different plots were drawn. Though these plots were somewhat different, but all of these plots had some basic underlying features. An example of the plot which was drawn in order to correlate these two parameters is shown in the figure below. As it is evident from the plot above, there seems to be some sort of correlation between these two parameters. Both the temperature and the curvature of the walls seem to have a similar trend. From the data collected by 72 SOFO sensors placed all along the structure a variety of such plots were drawn and the relation between the temperature and curvature was analyzed. With the aid of such analysis, the safety, operability and the effect of retrofitting was analyzed. Results from Case study 2: In this case study, conventional as well as fiber optic sensors was utilized. Thus, it was imperative that the results from these types of sensors be analyzed and compared. The following results were obtained on comparison of the results from the conventional sensors and fiber optic sensors: The average difference between FOS and ERSG sensors was found to be 1.2 units The standard deviation between the results from these two sensors was found to be 11.9 units Thus, this study shows that in terms of accuracy, precision and stability in extreme conditions, fiber optic sensors are as good as and in some instances even better than the conventional sensors. Also this study proved that in the case of fiber optic sensors, it is possible to manufacture sensor trees which are up to thousand meters in length. While, such long sensors are not possible in the case of conventional sensors. Thus, it is shown, that in the case of monitoring of large structures, fiber optic sensors appear to be the natural choice over the conventional sensors. Results from Case study 3: The data collected by the fiber optic sensors was compared with the results produced from the hydrostatic leveling system. This comparison is shown with the aid of a graph shown below. The solid line refers to the results obtained from the fiber optic sensors, whereas, the dotted line refers to the data from the hydrostatic leveling system. With the comparison of these data from the two sources, the precision of hydrostatic leveling system could be found out. It was found out to be about +/- 0.5 mm. The fiber optic sensors were found out to be more precise than the conventional sensors. In the case of fiber optic sensors, the precision was found to better than the conventional hydrostatic leveling system by +/- 0.1mm. Chapter 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS From this study, it is clear that fiber optic sensor technology has gone miles in the last few decades. It has grown significantly in the last few years. More and more scientists are working in the field of fiber optic sensor technology and new findings are being made in this sphere. It should be noticed that in the last few years, industrial applications of fiber optic sensors has also increased. Earlier, while this technology was in the nascent stage, the industries which traditionally use conventional sensors for the purpose of measurement of various parameters, didnt show much faith in this new technology of fiber optic sensing. But with time, as it has been proved again and again that fiber optic sensors are superior in their working, accuracy and in precision as compared to the conventional sensors, the industries have also started showing faith in them. In the field of monitoring of civil engineering structures, the fiber optic sensors have occupied a strong position today. In just a span of few years, they have made SOFO sensors a viable option in various applications. Also, another point to ponder over is regarding the placing of the fiber optic sensors in the civil structures. It should be noted that there are two options available to us in this respect: embedding of the fiber optic sensors and external anchoring of the fiber optic sensors. Both of these techniques have their inherent advantages and disadvantages. In most cases, the embedding of the sensors is not possible because of various reasons. It should be noted that that though embedding of the fiber optic sensors is a very tough task, but at the same time, it is very rewarding. In terms of the quality of the data collected and the easiness in terms of collection of data, embedded fiber optic sensors enjoy a great advantage over fiber optic sensors which are anchored externally. From this study, we have tried to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic sensors. Also, we have tri ed to see the extent of their applications in various fields, especially in monitoring civil engineering structures. It has been shown that the fiber optic sensors enjoy inherit advantages over the conventional sensors and these outweigh some of the disadvantages which they have. Also, from the case studies it is evident that in terms of performance and durability, the fiber optic sensors are as good as the conventional sensors. Also, in some cases it is indispensable to have fiber optic sensors. But, it is also realized that though fiber optic sensors have brought about a revolution in the last few decades, but still they havent been able to completely outperform the conventional sensors. The main reason for this being the high cost of these fibers optic sensors as compared to the conventional sensors. But in the years to come, as mass production of fiber optic sensors gains momentum, these sensors are bound to become cheap and it is envisioned that at that stage these sensors will completely replace conventional sensors. But, till this stage is reached it is recommended that it would be quite economical if these fiber optic sensors are used alongside conventional sensors. This will not only prove to be economical but will also provide further opportunities to compare these two sensors. Also, it is worth noting that many of the industries which today use fiber optic sensors, use only one kind of fiber optic sensor for all their purposes. Due to the recent development which has taken place, there a many kinds of fiber optic sensors which have been developed. So, it is advisable that instead of using only one kind of fiber optic sensor for all the purposes, use should be made of the different kinds of fiber optic sensors that are available today. Along with all this, it is worth mentioning that in the recent past, sensor multiplexing has become quite important. And as this technique is of great value proposition, it should be taken forward and developed further . References J. Dakin and B. Culshaw, 1988, Optical Fiber Sensors: Principals and Components, Volume 1, Artech E. Udd, 1991, Fiber Optic Sensors: An Introduction for Engineers and Scientists, Wiley Zako, Uragaki and Kodate, 1995, On intelligent structures using optical fiber ~crack sensing with optical fiber!. Vurpillot, Gaston, Benouaich, Clement and Inaudi, 1998, Vertical deflection of a pre-stressed concrete bridge obtained using deformation sensors and inclinometer measurements. McKinley, 2000, Large-scale bridge model construction and test results. McKinley and Boswell, 2002, Optical fiber systems for bridge monitoring. Andrea, Inaudi and Bergmeister, 2002, Monitoring of bridges and concrete structures with fiber optic sensors in Europe Vurpillot et al., 1996, Bridge Spatial Deformation Monitoring with 100 Fiber Optic Deformation Sensors Bergmeister and Santa, 1999, Global Monitoring Concepts for Bridges Del Grossoet al.,2000, Strain and Displacement Monitoring of a Quay Wall in the Port of Genoa by means of Fiber Optic Sensors Thevenaz L., 1998, Truly Distributed Strain and Temperature sensing Using Embedded Optical Fibers Inaudid et al., 1998, Structural Monitoring by Curvature Analysis using Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors Inaudid, Elamaria et al.,1994 , Low-Coherence Deformation Sensors for the Monitoring of Civil Engineering Structures Karashima , 1990, Distributed Temperature sensing using stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Optical Silica Fibers Nikeles et al., 1994, Simple Distributed temperature sensor based on Brillouin gain spectrum analysis Aktan et al., 1997, Structural Identification for Condition Assessment: Experimental Art Inaudid, 2000, Application of Fibre Optic Sensors to Structural Monitoring Ansari F., 1998, Fiber Optic Sensors for Construction Materials and Bridges Culshaw B.,1996, Smart Structures and Materials Inaudi, 2002 , Photonic Sensing Technology in Civil Engineering Applications Lienhart W., Brunner F.K., 2003, Monitoring of Bridge Deformations using Embedded Fiber Optical Sensors Measures R.M., 2001, Structural Monitoring with Fiber Optic Technology Karbhariv and Seible, 2000, Fiber Reinforced composites à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"advanced materials for the renewal of civil infrastructure Lau K. T. and Yuan, 2002, Applications of composites, optical fibre sensors and smart composites for concrete rehabilitation Martinola et al., 2001, Numerical model for minimizing risk of damage in repair system Czarnek et al., 1989, Interferemetric measurements of strain concentrations induced by optical fiber embedded in a fiber reinforced composite Luo F. et al., 1999, A fibre optic microbend sensor for distributed sensing application in the structural strain monitoring Lau K. et al. , 1999, Strain evaluation on strengthened concrete beam by using FBG sensor Meissner J. et al., 1997, Strain monitoring at a pre-stressed concrete bridge Bascom W. D. and Jensen R. M., 1986, Stress transfer in single fiber/ resin tensile tests Yuan L. and Zhou L. M., 1998, Sensitivity coefficient evaluation of an embedded fibre optic strain sensor Yuan and Ansarif, 1998, Embedding white light interferometer fibre optic strain sensor for concrete beam crack-tip opening monitoring Yuan L. and Zhou L. M., 1998, Temperature compensated fiber optic strain sensor using differential white-light interferometric technique Claus R. O. et al., 1993, Extrinsic Fabry-Perot sensor for structural evaluation Kattsuyami et al., 1981, Low-loss single-mode polarization fibers Ansarif and Wangj, 1995, Rate sensitivity of high birefringent fiber optic sensors under large dynamic loads Yuan L. B. et al., 2001, The temperature characteristic of fibre-optic pre-embedded concrete bar sensors Kersey and Morey W. W. , 1993, Multiplexed fibre Bragg grating strain sensor system with a fibre Fabry-Perot wavelength filter Tated A M. and Horiguchi T., 1989, Advances in optical time domain reflectometry Kersey A. D. and Morey W. W., 1993, Multiplexed Bragg grating fiber-laser strain sensor system with mode-locked interrogation Dewynters and Balageas, 1998, Embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors for industrial composite cure monitoring Kalamkarov A. L., 2000, Processing and evaluation of pultruded smart composites with embedded fibre optic sensors Measures R. M. et al., 1994, Bragg Grating structural sensing system for Fibre-optic sensors and smart composites for concrete applications Saouma V. E. et al., 1998, Application of fibre Bragg grating in local and remote infrastructure health monitoring Kersey A. D. et al., 1996, Progress towards the development of practical fibre Bragg grating instrumentation systems

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I missed her and looked forward to spend time with her. *** As 8 o’clock grew near, my excitement to spend a girl s-night-in with Liz increased. So much has developed since we last chat. Therefore, when I heard the knock on my front door, IRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Best Friend1004 Words   |  5 Pageswhere you think your life is ruined for good? My best friend Peggy and I experienced that feeling one boring night last summer when we were home alone. Last year I was know for â€Å"trouble†, I liked to fight and be the center of attention. I always had to make a scene about everything. Even though I was constantly in trouble with my parents, I never did anything that would put me in jail for a long time if I were to get caught by the police. My best friend was the same way. We both had negative attitudes

Media Identities Animal Kingdom

Question: Discuss about theMedia Identities for Animal Kingdom. Answer: Introduction The following essay is an analysis of expert reviews on the legendary movie by David Michod titled, Animal Kingdom. The essay constructs the media identity of Animal Kingdom throws light on the reviews of three professional critics. The reviews have done an exceptional work in upholding the film and giving exceptional comments on the plot, dialogue, characterization, and entire structure of the movie. The various elements that the movie has used stand one of the best to date in interpreting the theme of the movie. The movie has won several accolades and the commendable words of several critics. The reviews have offered a clear picture of the movie and have scrutinized each and every scene, each and every expression of the characters, and plot design to understand the movie in depth and explain it to the world through their words. The title of the movie is what brings out the underlying theme of the movie and paints a gory picture about crime in the streets of Australia. No Beast So Fierce by Laura Kern Animal Kingdom is an Australian thriller movie directed by David Michod in the year 2010. The film is inspired by real-life stories of the Pettingill family known as one of the most notorious crime family in Melbourne Australia. The film was also loosely inspired by the epic Walsh Street police shooting event occurring on the streets of Melbourne in 1988. This movie throws light on the crime lifestyle and underworld scene scenarios of Australia (Michod and Wilson, 1980). Initially, in 2010, the film was developed as a story revolving around the character of J and was also named after the same character. However, this script had several things lacking, having an immature structure to it and lacking enough characters to portray the story. But, with loads of help from the movie industry and from imminent film directors, the script got a complete makeover and was released as Animal Kingdom in 2010. After its release, the film has enjoyed a lot of compliments and approval by a number of f ilm critics (Frost, 2010). The film had a budget of $5million Australian dollars and it grossed a whopping $A 4,350,187 alone in Australia and a total of $6,793,982 including North America and other regions. As said earlier, the movie received overwhelming acclamations from critics and was rated amongst top 50 films. The movie has caused enough impact on its viewers. The nail-biting scenes combined with dramatic songs and equally mesmerizing background music has succeeded in keeping the audience glued to their seat and affect them to levels unknown. So much so, the audience just could not get enough of the crime drama and this resulted in developing a TV series based on David Michods movie. The plot and the characters have done justice in keeping the story undyingly interesting from the first to till the end (Bennett and Satre, 2000). The critic explains how each and every scene; say for example the one in which video is flickering on a Television screen in a barely lit room, and th e camera slowly moves past the teenage protagonist lying on the couch along with his girlfriend, to the marred face of Pope. The critic explains how this scene with its powerful ballad sends chills down the audiences spine, chills of dread and not joyful anticipation. This is barely just one of the haunting moments of the many portrayed in the movie. The critic has done a remarkable study of each of the scenes, the background music, and the underlying sensations. The movie gives out nerve-wracking vibes, all of which could not have been possible without the use of impeccable sound design, and the choice of slowing down certain actions has proven to be remarkable (Kerrigan, 2016). This movie has undoubtedly given a new face to the history of Australian film-making. Australian movies have never stopped being intriguing, but David Michod with his film and his awe-inspiring filmmaking skills has just raised the bar higher. The filmmaker, as the critic explains, was the founder of Blue-t ongue Films, which features a congregation of young minds; these people happen to make films with a dark outlook like David himself (Kerrigan, 2016). The movie, Animal Kingdom, could not have been this good had it been directed by any other filmmaker. As David possesses a unique talent of harnessing stories from very simple, innocent situation with a surprising twist to it (Kern, 2010). Animal Kingdom by Guardian The Animal Kingdom is a movie depicting the story of wounded, dying animals. The animals here are not plain carnivorous one living in the jungle and keeping to their own business of feeding, mating, and living. These are animals of the most dangerous and vicious kinds. These are crime fellas, and David Michod through his crime drama and given us a vivid, breathtaking picture of these animals and their lifestyles. Their passion, emotion, pride has all been depicted in the movie (Bradshaw, 2011). The critic through his critical review about the movie shows his own likeness for it and how moved they were. The movie has successfully revived the once renowned crime family of Melbourne. The critic explains the movie's plot and has used various ingredients to evoke passion in the hearts of the readers. The critical review has done a job of equal appreciation in bringing alive the passionate crime drama going on in the streets of Melbourne. The review explains how one scene transforms into t he next and does its job in keeping the audience glued to their screens (French, 2011). The review has done a fabulous job in reading individual character and drawing a detailed sketch of them through his words. The review has dissected every scene, the expressions of each character, and every other teeny tiny detail that will be necessary for describing the feelings of the crime-doers. As a result, after reading the reviews, one will be automatically drawn towards the characters. It is like, if you havent got enough of the movie already, you must immediately read the review (Smaill, 2013). The review sits like a door idly waiting to be opened to millions of revelations. The review gives out so much more than the movie. Each and every dialogue, each and every expression has been dissected down a number of times to find out meanings. It feels like the movie was a piece of inspiration and the critic has woven a poem out of it (Clancey, 2015). The movie, without any doubt, was worth al l of this. The movie, though having a limited duration, offered so many layers of comprehension about the plot to the common people. There is a crime, there is emotion, there is a struggle for existence, there is sadness for dying business, there is fear of losing people, there are anger and vengeance of having lost dear ones. The movie has been shown from the teenager "J"s point of view. It is as if he stumbles upon into a bizarrely dysfunctional situation, walking from outside to the inside and taking all of us with him, who are curiously waiting to learn about them. The critic points out that the way the story has been told is exceptional, using the minimal yet exclusively important stuff and depicting the most (Rowland et al., 2012). Animal Kingdom by Graphitti This critical review starts by explaining how the sensational crime drama by David Michod has reinvigorated his faith about Australian movies being capable of profound complexity. The critic comments on the way David has given a unique view of crime, depicting a sad portrayal of a renowned crime dynasty. The critic has appreciated how this particular movie does not follow the conventional style of other Australian movies that draw inspiration from true events and sensationalize criminality and crime in a similar fashion how media sensationalizes news (Goodman, 2016). This particular critical review discusses the different elements that altogether make the movie a complete masterpiece. The critical review explains how the opening stanza of the movie is by far the most powerful, given any genre of film to this date. It starts with a normal event wherein a son and his mother is watching television while doing dishes until the mother falls down and dies. This is beyond normality to such an extent that a normal audience cannot even begin to prepare them for it. The critic praises the perfectly pitched tone of the film and the madness which does a balance job, neither boring nor too distracting but completely keeping the suspense alive throughout (Ryan, 2014). David Michod has given more than one dimension to all of his characters. It is interesting to watch how he twists their mental and physical terrain. The scenes, the dialogues, and the execution have been done in such a manner that the characters are either dominating one scene or getting confronted in another. This is just like how an animal can never really stick to being one dimensional inside a jungle; at one point it may be killing a prey (dominating) or meeting head-on with yet another bigger animal (confronted), regardless of their prowess (Hale, 2016). Hence, the name animal kingdom sounds just right, it single-handedly gives you the entire idea yet keeping you curious about who wins and who loses. The c ritical review comments about the personal narration of the teenager protagonist and how it is effective in giving us an outsider's opinion about the whole plot. Altogether, this eloquent narration dies as soon as the teenager dissipates into the crime family. This allows the audience to directly feel about what is happening rather than being fed about how to feel all throughout the movie. So both self-narration and absence of narration does their job of first guiding the audience and then giving them the freedom to feel independent. The identities in the movie have delivered career-best performances, making us connect with each one of them, feel their sorrows, horrors, love, and all other elements. The way the movie ends is also remarkable. It automatically urges the audience to think of an inevitable question. You cannot help but wonder if Australia is criminal deep down to its roots. The reactions are extremely tangible and so authentic. And in this very moment, the movie draws t he conclusion. The critic feels is that the conclusion is incomplete and urges people to think out of the box (Hale, 2016). Conclusion Animal Kingdom by David Michod is a crime drama set on the streets of Melbourne, Australia. It is a powerful movie, that which uses a combination of nail-biting dark plot, nerve-wracking sound design, and equally moving character performance to depict raw feelings of pain, anger, love, vengeance, fear. The filmmaker has fulfilled all of his duties in keeping the movie plain but intense. The movie revolves around vicious animals playing their roles in the crime dynasty, sometimes dominating and other times confronting. References Bennett, K. and Satre, T. (2000). Movie Review.The Prison Journal, 80(2), pp.228-232. Bradshaw, P. (2011). Animal Kingdom.The Guardian. Clancey, G. (2015). Some findings from an Australian local crime prevention case study.Crime Prevention Community Safety, 17(2), pp.71-87. French, P. (2011). Animal Kingdom.The Guardian. Frost, L. (2010). Melbourne stories.History Australia, 7(2), pp.44.1-44.2. Goodman, T. (2016). Animal Kingdom.Graphitti. Hale, M. (2016). Animal Kingdom.New York Times. Kern, L. (2010). No Beast So Fierce.Film Society of Lincoln Center. Kerrigan, S. (2016). The spectator in the film-maker: re-framing filmology through creative film-making practices.Journal of Media Practice, pp.1-13. Michod, R. and Wilson, D. (1980). Evolution in Structured Populations.Evolution, 34(5), p.1034. Rowland, D., Myers, A., Adamski, B. and Burnett, A. (2012). Role of attribution in affective responses to a partnered sexual situation among sexually dysfunctional men.BJU International, 111(3b), pp.E103-E109. Ryan, M. (2014). Animal Kingdom.TV Review. Smaill, B. (2013). Asianness and Aboriginality in Australian Cinema.Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 30(1), pp.89-102.